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The castor bean plant, an erect, tropical shrub or small tree, grows up to 30 feet tall. The essential oil extracted from the seed of the   castor bean plant is known as castor oil (Eranda taila). The oil contains mostly ricinoleic acid, with small amounts of dihydroxy stearic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. Castor oil is a strong and effective purgative (laxative), with components in the oil that affect both the small and large intestines. It has been used to clear the bowels after food poisoning and to relieve constipation.  Castor oil is classified as a stimulant laxative, also known as a contact laxative. This type of laxative encourages bowel movements by acting on the intestinal wall, increasing the muscle contractions that move along the stool mass.  

Externally, it has been recommended in itch, ringworm, corns, warts and other cutaneous diseases. Its external application is very much useful in eliminating chronic fluid retention in the joints where joint become swollen and tender.  At present, the most frequent use of castor oil is in castor oil packs. The packs are recommended for: cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder), poor eliminations, epilepsy, various liver conditions such as cirrhosis and torpid liver, scleroderma, headaches, appendicitis, arthritis, in coordination between assimilations and eliminations, colitis, intestinal disorders such as stricture and colon impaction, in coordination between nervous systems, neuritis, and toxemia.  

Fresh fully expanded petals are of a sweetish bitter and faintly astringent taste and roseate odour both readily imparted to water. Rosewater is used as face tonic since ancient times.  They are mildly laxative and carminative. A decoction of the flowers is prescribed for ulcers of the intestine. Gulkanda (Mixture of sugar and rose petals) is used as soft laxative and aphrodisiac. The powder of rose buttons and seeds are given as astringent in hemorrhage and diarrhea. The blossoms are used for scenting tea.The presence of flavonol glycosides in considerable quantity in the rose petals may account for their laxative properties. Ayurveda indicates it as brain tonic, liver stimulant, digestive, appetizer, carminative, cardio protective and weakness. It helps to relieve burning sensation due to fever. Topically it helps to sooth skin allergies, inflammatory conditions, injury healing and as a deodorant.

Sugarcane is a tropical grass. Its stout, jointed, fibrous stalks measure 2 to 6 meters tall and contain sweet juice from which sugar can be extracted. Fresh cane stems are often chewed, especially by poorer people. It is grown by planting "seed cane," pieces of sugarcane stalk that germinate and produce new sugarcane plants. The cutting needs to be put horizontally on the ground and buried completely.

Sugar is a common adjunct to unpleasant medicines. It is used to be antidote, antiseptic, antivinous, bactericide, cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, intoxicant, laxative, pectoral, piscicide, refrigerant, and stomachic. It is a folk remedy for arthritis, bedsores, boils, cancer, colds, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, eyes, fever, hiccups, inflammation, laryngitis, opacity, penis, skin, sores, sore throat, spleen, tumors, and wounds.

Sandalwood is a small tree that grows primarily in India. wood and volatile oil of santalum possesses various medicinal properties. The essential oil contains high amounts of alpha- and beta-santalol. These small molecules possess antibacterial and sedative properties.  It is alterative, antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, disinfectant, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic, refrigerant, sedative and stimulant. Sandalwood is used for acute dermatitis, bronchitis, cystitis, eye diseases, gonorrhea, herpes zoster, infection, palpitations, sunstroke, urethritis and  vaginitis. 

The medicinal properties of sandalwood reside in its  oil, which can be pressed from the wood or extracted with alcohol or water. The antiseptic and disinfectant properties of this oil are similar to those of cubeb oil. The oil can also be used for bronchitis and for inflammation in mucous tissue. A decoction of the wood may be helpful for indigestion and fever and externally for skin problems, especially those of bacterial origin. Sandalwood cools and calms the entire body and mind. It affects the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. It relieves fever, thirst, burning sensation and stops sweating. It is good for fever or overexposure to the sun. 

Sandalwood is good for most of inflammatory conditions and for cleansing the blood. The oil or paste is useful for most infectious sores or ulcers if applied externally. Sandalwood helps the awakening of intelligence. It also aids in the transmutation of sexual energy. 

It is a perennial herb with a stout rootstock. In ancient Ayurveda it has been used   to break down kidney stone and help prevent their recurrence. This herb has been proved as a lithotriptic (dissolves kidney deposits) by regulating the crystalloid-colloid imbalance and relieving the binding mucin of calculi.  The dried rhizomes contain an active principle bergenin, Gallic acid, glucose, mucilage and wax. The presence of the B- sitosterol and four flavonoids is also reported. It also has potent diuretic action and helpful in prostatic problems and many other urinary system disorders. 

Sesamum indicum  is an annual herb native to the tropics and naturalized in southern areas of the United States. The fixed oil, obtained by expression and known as either sesame, gingerly, or til oil, is bland in taste and almost odorless. Constituents of the oil include olein, stearin, palmitin, myristin, linolein, sesamin, and sesamolin. oil contains an antioxidant system comprising sesamel and sesamolinol formed from sesamolin, which substantially reduce its oxidation rate. It is also highly nutritious. It also contains essential amino acids such as  linoleic acid, Alpha tinoleic acid, palmitin, myristin, stearin. Sesamum also contains vitamins such as A and E.  

Til oil or sesamum oil has been used in Ayurveda as base oil for its innumerable qualities. It is described as one of the best oil to be used as a base for ayurvedic prepration because it enhances the quality of other herbs without sacrificing with its own qualities. Sesamum oil has rejuvenating properties which certainly revitalize all the body tissue and removes the   feeling of tiredness and also its warming effects enhance the circulation.  Sesamum oil abyanga (massage) relaxes the whole body, ease pain and muscle spasm thus useful in   sciatica, dysmenorrhoea, colic, backache and joint pain. Regular oiling of the skin with sesamum oil restores moisture to the skin, keeping it soft, flexible and looking young. It also lubricates the body internally, particularly the joints and bowels and eases symptoms of dryness such as irritating coughs, cracking joints and hard stools. Sesamum oil shows antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects due to presence of linoleic acid (40 per cent). It stimulates antibody production and enhances immunity, Soot hens the nasal passage and strengthened the nasal mucosa. It also has anti-cancer properties. 

It is a deciduous climber that grows up to 1.0 meters. This plant has dioecious flowers and is located in East Asia - China to the Himalayas. The aerial tubers are used in the treatment of abscesses, boils, cystitis and diarrhea. It is also antiarthritic, antiscrophulatic (useful in glandular swelling especially T.B of lymph gland), depurative and beneficial in skin disease, venereal diseases and stomach ache. It has been used in the treatment of cancer, mercury poisoning, acute bacterial dysentery, rheumatoid arthritis and syphilis. It is said to be clinically 90% effective in the treatment of primary syphilis. It is also used as sexual tonic and useful in various neurological disorders. It purifies the blood, urine and semen and promotes healing of ulcers. 

A new isoflavone, 7, 6'-dihydroxy 3'-methoxy isoflavone, along with two known compounds taxifolin and astilbin, have been isolated from the roots of Smilax glabra. 

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite (rock salt), is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. Since ancient times, it is essential for human life as it causes blood, sweat, tears and   the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms saline.

 In one gram of sodium chloride, there are approximately 0.3933 grams of sodium, and 0.6067 g of chlorine. As the main ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a condiment, flavor enhancer for food and preservative too because it retards the growth of microorganisms. It aids digestion by providing chlorine for hydrochloric acid, a small but essential part of human digestive fluid.

An aromatic herb with a purple flower heads. All the parts of the plant have medicinal uses. The plant is widely used in vitiated conditions of blood, glandular enlargement, burning urination especially of prostatic origin, urinary tract infection, venereal diseases specially syphilis and Gonorrhoea, hemicranias, hepatopathy, fever, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and chronic skin diseases. 

Chiretta is a medicinal plant indigenous to temperate Himalaya found at an altitude of 1200–3000 m (4000 to 10,000 ft), from Kashmir to Bhutan, and in the Khasi hills at 1200–1500 m (4000 to 5000 ft). It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between 1500 and 2100 m altitudes. It is an annual herb. It grows to about 5 feet in height. The leaves are oval, pointed and lanceolet. The flowers are greenish white. The fruits are tiny capsules .All five parts of the plant, the root, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits are useful as Ayurvedic medicine. It is often confused with Andrographis paniculata, but both are different plants. According to classical ayurvedic text Caraka Samhita, Kiratatikta (Sanskrit name) is referred to as jvaraghna – antipyretic. Kiratatikta is bitter in taste, pungent in the post digestive effect and has cold potency. It alleviates kapha and pitta doshas.

The plant is used as a bitter tonic in treatment of fever and for curing various skin diseases. . It stimulates the liver and endows anthelmintic activity. Kiratatikta as a blood purifier, wards off the edema.  It is the main ingredient in Mahasudarshana churna, one of the popular preparations used for malarial fever in India. Decoction of herb is beneficial for cleansing the wounds. In the cases of skin rash and the skin diseases with oozing, burning sensation and itching respond well to it. It is an excellent remedy for a weak stomach, especially when this gives rise to nausea, indigestion and bloating, and it has also been shown to protect the liver. Swertia chirata is a good   blood purifier, useful bitter tonic, cures general debility, loss of appetite, skin diseases, cholera, dyspepsia, liver, spleen and gastric complications. 

It dispels heat, removes toxin (Ama), infectious diseases, tonsilitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, whooping cough, acute enteritis, gastritis, urethritis, nephritis, tuberculosis, gall bladder infection, influenza and high blood pressure. It is much employed in urinary complaints with uneasiness in the region of the kidneys, frequent urging to urinate, which is accomplished with difficulty, and in cases of uric acid deposits. The powder of kiratatikta or its decoction when given with honey effectively controls vomiting in pregnancy.  The bitterness, antihelmintic, hypoglycemic and antipyretic antifungal and antibacterial properties are attributed to amarogentin (most bitter compound), swerchirin, swertiamarin and other active principles of the herb. . It also contains xanthones, which are effective against malaria and tuberculosis, and also amarogentin, a glycoside that may protect the liver against carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Antihepatotoxic activity of Swertia chirata on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats was studied by Karan M, Vasisht K, Handa SS. University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.             

Cloves are the unopened flower buds. They are pink when fresh and turn to a dark brown color when dried. It is not used in India only but world over as spice. In India it is popular as mouth freshener, remedy for toothache, swelling of gums, sore throat and remedy for minor cough and cold. Ayurveda indicates use of Lavanga powder for indigestion, loss of appetite, flatulence, pain abdomen, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, hyperacidity and to regulate digestive disorders. It is mainly used as tonic for cardiac, lung and digestive systems in various formulations such as Avipattikar Churna and Lavangadi Churna. It is also used in skin disorders and in many formulations for general weakness. It is used as a main ingredient of dental care products in form of mouth wash, tooth paste, dental gels and tooth powders. Cloves contain up to 22 percent volatile oil, which makes it effective at treating topical pain. This high amount of volatile oil also makes clove a useful digestive aid, and gives it antispasmodic and antibacterial properties.